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commences at the end of the first trimester, it does so in a peripheral–central fashion ( Jauniaux et al . 2003 ). Consequently, oxygen concentrations will be higher in the periphery, and increased levels of oxidative stress in villi sampled from this site

cause significant changes in global sumoylation compared with the control (control, C), but caused changes in the level of individual SUMO2/3 and SUMO1 targets. Following the exposure of cells to oxidative stress (H 2 O 2 ), a rapid increase in the

normal aerobic metabolism (primarily electron transport). Intra-cellular accumulation of ROS, known as oxidative stress, can damage cells by causing nucleic acid strand breaks, lipid peroxidation, protein degradation and, ultimately, cell death ( Yu 1994

underlying rapid catch-up growth and dysmetabolism are unclear ( Sohi et al. 2011 , 2014 ). Mitochondria are intracellular energy producers that are largely responsible in regulating metabolism and oxidative stress. Moreover, impaired mitochondrial

.05. Results Cortisol injection of female mice impaired oocyte developmental potential and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) with increased oxidative stress This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of cortisol injection of female mice on

process termed follicular atresia ( Kaipia & Hsueh 1997 ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are free radicals derived from cellular metabolism or environmental stimuli. Unlimited ROS generation shift cells into a state of oxidative stress, leading to

1999 ). In addition, changes in the expression of genes related to oxidative stress in the epididymis due to age have also been described ( Jervis & Robaire 2002 ). Changes in gene expression related to ageing include the decrease of several mRNAs, such

inflammation and oxidative stress ( Burton & Jauniaux 2011 ), and possibly disturbed LC-PUFA delivery ( Magnusson et al . 2004 ). Given that n-3 PUFAs exhibit both anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, maternal dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation has

intracellular signaling activation, capacitation, acrosome reaction and fusion with the oocyte ( Clyne 2012 ). However, uncontrolled and excessive accumulation of ROS in spermatozoa may lead to oxidative stress, which is turn, leads to damage of DNA, or, loss of

, oxidative stress and energy metabolism in the LCs ( Gak et al. 2015 , Roy et al. 2017 , Medar et al. 2020 ), which improved testis development and reproductive health. Despite numerous studies, the precise mechanisms of PPARGC1A to mediate cell