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different mRNA species expressed specifically in the Sertoli cells as germ cell depletion progresses. Androgen secretion by the testis is dependent upon the Leydig cells, which are regulated by luteinising hormone (LH). There is also good evidence, however

effects of FSH from those of androgen. In early studies, the FSH preparations used contained low levels of LH, which could induce androgen production by the Leydig cells. Use of recombinant FSH has overcome this problem but there remains the issue that FSH

seminiferous epithelium, disrupted spermatogenesis may partly be due to low androgen levels since Hh signalling is needed for the differentiation of foetal Leydig cells ( Yao et al . 2002 , Barsoum et al . 2009 ) and to maintain the expression of

adult spermatogonial stem cells during neonatal life, correct development of the germ cell lineage during fetal/embryonic life is essential for the production of spermatozoa during adult life. Fetal Leydig cells differentiate soon after Sertoli cells and

unknown nature of Leydig cell development during this timeframe. (B) Comparison of the histology of the testis throughout development in the human, from foetal development through to the adult testis. dpc, days post coitum; GW, gestational week; pnd

has been linked to an increased chemical burden in maternal livers and developmental effects in the mid-gestation male fetal testis. These include reduced numbers of gonocytes, Sertoli and Leydig cells, and a parallel reduction in fetal inhibin A and

Gadd45g −/− , Rspo1 −/+ (GhomRhet) and Gadd45g −/− , Rspo1 −/− (double knockout, DKO) fetuses, and controls ( Fig. 3A , B , C , D , E and F ). Examination of Sertoli cell ( Fig. 3A ), Leydig cell ( Fig. 3B ) and meiotic germ cell ( Fig. 3C

with testicular cords formed on day 16, differentiation of Leydig cells occurring on day 17 and the first wave of Sertoli and Leydig cell proliferation occurring during late foetal life ( Orth 1982 ). Foetal testes secrete testosterone, which reaches a

). Prior to the sex differentiation of germ cells, Sry and Sox9 are expressed in the somatic cells in the male gonad, which leads to testes cord formation and Sertoli and Leydig cell differentiation ( Kashimada & Koopman 2010 ). Adams & McLaren (2002

the oocyte during fertilization. The testis contains multiple cell types, including macrophages, peritubular cells, Leydig cells (LCs), Sertoli cells (SCs) and germ cells, which interact to control spermatogenesis ( Majumdar & Bhattacharya 2013