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Dan Liu Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Takuto Yamamoto Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Haoxue Wang Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Naojiro Minami Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Shinnosuke Honda Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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Shuntaro Ikeda Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

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In brief

Proper early embryonic development in mammals relies on precise cellular signaling pathways. This study reveals that NSUN5 is crucial for the regulation of the Hippo pathway, ensuring normal proliferation and differentiation in mouse preimplantation embryos.

Abstract

NOL1/NOP2/Sun domain family, member 5 (NSUN5) is an enzyme belonging to the 5-methylcytosine (m5C) writer family that modifies rRNA and mRNA. Our data revealed an upregulation of Nsun5 at the two-cell stage of mouse preimplantation development, suggesting its significance in early embryonic development. Given m5C’s important role in stabilizing rRNA and mRNA and the Hippo signaling pathway’s critical function in lineage segregation during embryogenesis, we hypothesized that NSUN5 controls cell differentiation by regulating the expression of components of the Hippo signaling pathway in mouse early embryos. To examine this hypothesis, we employed Nsun5-specific small interfering RNAs for targeted gene silencing in mouse preimplantation embryos. Nsun5 knockdown resulted in significant developmental impairments including reduced blastocyst formation, smaller size of blastocysts, and impaired hatching from the zona pellucida. Nsun5 knockdown also led to decreased cell numbers and increased apoptosis in embryos. We also observed diminished nuclear translocation of yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in Nsun5 knockdown embryos at the morula stage, indicating disrupted cell differentiation. This disruption was further evidenced by an altered ratio of CDX2-positive to OCT4-positive cells. Furthermore, Nsun5 depletion was found to upregulate the Hippo signaling-related key genes, Lats1 and Lats2 at the morula stage. Our findings underscore the essential role of Nsun5 in early embryonic development by affecting cell proliferation, YAP1 nuclear translocation, and the Hippo pathway.

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Jinglei Wang Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China

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Wenli Ruan Department of Laboratory of Medicine, Guangzhou Zisheng Biotech, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

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Boshu Huang School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China

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Shuxin Shao Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China

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Dan Yang Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China

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Mengling Liu Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
Nursing school of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, People’s Republic of China

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Lin Zeng Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China

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Jie Wei Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China

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Jiaxiang Chen Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology and Pathology, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China

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Tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) has been widely used as plasticizers, plastic softeners and flame-retardants in industry and reported to have male reproductive toxicology. However, it is still unknown whether TOCP affects the female reproductive system and its underlying mechanism. In the present study, we found that TOCP exposure significantly decreased ovarian coefficient, caused disintegration and depletion of the granulosa cells in the ovary tissue and significantly inhibited the level of serum estradiol (E2). TOCP markedly increased both LC3-II and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I as well as autophagy proteins ATG5 and Beclin1 in the ovary tissue, implying that TOCP could induce autophagy in the ovary tissue. To further investigate the potential mechanism, primary ovarian granulosa cells were isolated in vitro and treated with 0–0.5 mM TOCP for 48 h. We showed that TOCP decreased the number of viable mouse granulosa cells without affecting cell cycle and apoptosis of the cells. Intriguingly, TOCP treatment markedly increased both LC3-II and the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I as well as ATG5 and Beclin1. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that autophagic vesicles in the cytoplasm increased significantly in the TOCP-treated cells, indicating that TOCP could induce autophagy in the cells. Taken together, TOCP reduces the number of viable cells and induces autophagy in mouse ovarian granulosa cells without affecting cell cycle and apoptosis.

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Ziqian Min Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China

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Jingyu Wan Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China

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Huan Xin Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China

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Xiaowen Liu Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China

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Xinxu Rao Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China

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Ziling Fan Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China

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Lifang Yang Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Dan Li Department of Life Science, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
Shenzhen Research Institute of Hunan University, Shenzhen, China

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In brief

Bacterial infection can induce testicular inflammation and damage male fertility. This paper reveals the role of nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group C member 2 (NR2C2) in macrophage cells in orchitis caused by bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infection.

Abstract

Bacterial infection and induced inflammation are important causes of male infertility. Here, we described the characteristics of expression and the regulatory role of NR2C2 in testicular inflammatory injury induced by infection with the bacterial endotoxin LPS. We found that NR2C2 was highly expressed in the testes and the expression of NR2C2 was upregulated in testicular macrophages in the LPS-induced mouse orchitis model in vivo. In primary testicular macrophages and RAW264.7 cells in vitro, RNA interference with the Nr2c2 gene downregulated the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-6. In addition, the knockdown of NR2C2 in macrophages alleviated the inhibitory effect of the inflammatory supernatant secreted by the macrophages on the proliferation of spermatogonia GC-1 SPG cells. Mechanistically, NR2C2 activated NF-κB signaling by binding with DR elements in the promotor of the Nfκb gene and promoted the development of inflammation. These data are the first to confirm that during LPS-induced bacterial infection, NR2C2 plays a proinflammatory role by activating IL-1β and IL-6 via the NF-κB pathway in macrophages, consequently inhibiting the proliferation of spermatogonia and damaging the quality of sperm. Our findings reveal the important role of NR2C2 in testicular inflammatory injury induced via LPS and provide a new potential target and a molecular basis for the treatment of male infertility caused by bacterial infection.

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Fenfen Xie Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China
Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

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Junhui Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China
Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

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Muxin Zhai First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

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Yajing Liu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China
Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

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Hui Hu First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

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Zhen Yu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China

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Junqiang Zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China

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Shuai Lin Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

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Dan Liang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China
Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

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Yunxia Cao Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Hefei, China
Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Hefei, China
Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China

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Emerging evidence has demonstrated that melatonin (MT) plays a crucial role in regulating mammalian reproductive functions. It has been reported that MT has a protective effect on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the protective mechanisms of MT remain poorly understood. This study aims to explore the effect of MT on ovarian function in PCOS and to elucidate the relevant molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. We first analysed MT expression levels in the follicular fluid of PCOS patients. A significant reduction in MT expression levels was noted in PCOS patients. Intriguingly, reduced MT levels correlated with serum testosterone and inflammatory cytokine levels in follicular fluid. Moreover, we confirmed the protective function of MT through regulating autophagy in a DHEA-induced PCOS rat model. Autophagy was activated in the ovarian tissue of the PCOS rat model, whereas additional MT inhibited autophagy by increasing PI3K−-Akt pathway expression. In addition, serum-free testosterone, inflammatory and apoptosis indexes were reduced after MT supplementation. Furthermore, we also found that MT suppressed autophagy and apoptosis by activating the PI3K-Akt pathway in the DHEA-exposed human granulosa cell line KGN. Our study showed that MT ameliorated ovarian dysfunction by regulating autophagy in DHEA-induced PCOS via the PI3K-Akt pathway, revealing a potential therapeutic drug target for PCOS.

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Zhi-hui Cui Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Department of Growth and Reproduction, Group of Skeletal, Mineral, and Gonadal Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Yong-dan Ma Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Yi-cheng Wang Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Huan Liu Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Jia-wei Song Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Li-xue Zhang Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Wen-jing Guo Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Xue-qin Zhang Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Sha-sha Tu Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Dong-zhi Yuan Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Jin-hu Zhang Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Li Nie Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Li-min Yue Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Joint Laboratory, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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In brief

Impaired spermatogenesis resulting from disturbed cholesterol metabolism due to intake of high-fat diet (HFD) has been widely recognized, however, the role of preprotein invertase subtilin 9 (PCSK9), which is a negative regulator of cholesterol metabolism, has never been reported. This study aims to reveal the role of PCSK9 on spermatogenesis induced by HFD in mice.

Abstract

Long-term consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) is an important factor that leads to impaired spermatogenesis exhibiting poor sperm quantity and quality. However, the mechanism of this is yet to be elucidated. Disrupted cholesterol homeostasis is one of many crucial pathological factors which could contribute to impaired spermatogenesis. As a negative regulator of cholesterol metabolism, preprotein invertase subtilin 9 (PCSK9) mediates low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) degradation to the lysosome, thereby reducing the expression of LDLR on the cell membrane and increasing serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, resulting in lipid metabolism disorders. Here, we aim to study whether PCSK9 is a pathological factor for impaired spermatogenesis induced by HFD and the underlying mechanism. To meet the purpose of our study, we utilized wild-type C57BL/6 male mice and PCSK9 knockout mice with same background as experimental subjects and alirocumab, a PCSK9 inhibitor, was used for treatment. Results indicated that HFD induced higher PCSK9 expression in serum, liver, and testes, and serum PCSK9 is negatively correlated with spermatogenesis, while both PCSK9 inhibitor treatment and PCSK9 knockout methodologies ameliorated impaired lipid metabolism and spermatogenesis in mice fed a HFD. This could be due to the overexpression of PCSK9 induced by HFD leading to dyslipidemia, resulting in testicular lipotoxicity, thus activating the Bcl-2–Bax–Caspase3 apoptosis signaling pathway in testes, particularly in Leydig cells. Our study demonstrates that PCSK9 is an important pathological factor in the dysfunction of spermatogenesis in mice induced by HFD. This finding could provide innovative ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.

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Li Nie Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Li-xue Zhang Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Yi-cheng Wang Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Yun Long Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Yong-dan Ma Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Lin-chuan Liao West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Xin-hua Dai West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Zhi-hui Cui Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Huan Liu Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Zhao-qi Wang Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Zi-yang Ma Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Dong-zhi Yuan Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Li-min Yue Department of Physiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Joint Laboratory, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

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Uterine receptivity to the embryo is crucial for successful implantation. The establishment of uterine receptivity requires a large amount of energy, and abnormal energy regulation causes implantation failure. Glucose metabolism in the endometrium is tissue specific. Glucose is largely stored in the form of glycogen, which is the main energy source for the endometrium. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an important energy-sensing molecule, is a key player in the regulation of glucose metabolism and its regulation is also tissue specific. However, the mechanism of energy regulation in the endometrium for the establishment of uterine receptivity remains to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the energy regulation mechanism of mouse uterine receptivity and its significance in embryo implantation. The results showed that the AMPK, p-AMPK, glycogen synthase 1, and glycogen phosphorylase M levels and the glycogen content in mouse endometrial epithelium varied in a periodic manner under regulation by the ovarian hormone. Specifically, progesterone significantly activated AMPK, promoted glycogenolysis, and upregulated glycogen phosphorylase M expression. AMPK regulated glycogen phosphorylase M expression and promoted glycogenolysis. AMPK was also found to be activated by changes in the energy or glycogen of the endometrial epithelial cells. The inhibition of AMPK activity or glycogenolysis altered the uterine receptivity markers during the window of implantation and ultimately interfered with implantation. In summary, consistency and synchronization of AMPK and glycogen metabolism constitute the core regulatory mechanism in mouse endometrial epithelial cells involved in the establishment of uterine receptivity.

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