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The human uterus mainly consists of the endometrium and the outer smooth muscle layer termed the myometrium. The uterus harbours the exceptional and remarkable regenerative ability responsible for cyclical regeneration and remodelling throughout the reproductive life. The uterus must swiftly and cooperatively enlarge to hold the growing foetus during pregnancy. Furthermore, the endometrium, in particular the functionalis layer, must also regenerate, differentiate and regress with each menstrual cycle under hormonal control. Endometrial regeneration from the basal layer is thought to contribute to replacement of the functionalis layer followed by its slough off during menses and parturition. These morphological and functional features of human endometrium can be reproduced in murine models in which severely immunodeficient mice are xenotransplanted with dispersed human endometrial cells under the kidney capsule. The uterine myometrium possesses the similar plasticity of the endometrium. This is demonstrated by multiple cycles of pregnancy-induced enlargement and regression after parturition. It is likely that regeneration and remodelling in the female reproductive tract are achieved presumably through endometrial and myometrial stem cell systems. Recent evidence now supports the existence of these stem cell systems in humans. Here, we will review our current understanding of uterine stem/progenitor cells. We also propose a novel hypothetical model in which stem cell activities explain the physiological remodelling and regeneration of the human uterus and the pathogenesis of gynaecological diseases such as endometriosis.
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In brief
In this study, we examined the relationship between BMAL1 expression and the genes regulating steroid biosynthesis in human luteinized granulosa cells. BMAL1 function is crucial for steroid production and proper ovarian function, highlighting the importance of circadian clock regulation in female reproductive health.
Abstract
Human luteinized granulosa cells were collected to analyze circadian clock gene expression and its effect on the genes regulating steroid biosynthesis. We used siRNA to knock down the expression of BMAL1 in KGN cells. We measured the expression levels of genes regulating steroid biosynthesis and circadian clock RT-qPCR. We demonstrated that BMAL1 expression positively correlates with genes regulating steroid biosynthesis (CYP11A1, CYP19A1, STAR, and ESR2). The knockdown of BMAL1 in KGN cells revealed a significant decrease in steroid synthase expression. In contrast, when BMAL1 was overexpressed in KGN and HGL5 cells, we observed a significant increase in the expression of steroid synthases, such as CYP11A1 and CYP19A1. These results indicated that BMAL1 positively controls 17β-estradiol (E2) secretion in granulosa cells. We also demonstrated that dexamethasone synchronization in KGN cells enhanced the rhythmic alterations in circadian clock genes. Our study suggests that BMAL1 plays a critical role in steroid biosynthesis in human luteinized granulosa cells, thereby emphasizing the importance of BMAL1 in the regulation of reproductive physiology.
