The reaction sites of acetyl and non-specific cholinesterases were located in the electron microscope in spermatogenic tissue and mature spermatozoa of the white mouse. A variety of substrates and inhibitors were used to distinguish between the two groups of enzymes. The shifting distribution of the cholinesterases during sperm cell development and maturation indicates that the origin and fate of the acetylcholine-cholinesterase system may be correlated with the initiation and control of sperm motility. During spermiogenesis, the cholinesterases first appeared in the plasma membrane of the early spermatid. With the gradual development of the spermatids, the reactivity increased; a large amount of reaction product appeared in the neck region, in the fibrillar components and in the cytoplasm of the maturing spermatozoa. As the spermatozoa were liberated into the lumen, much of the enzyme was discarded through the residual bodies. The smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum of Sertoli cells, sub-surface cisternae and the filament bundle of the `mantle' always reacted strongly. In mature spermatozoa, the main reaction sites shifted to the fibrillar components. Some reactivity might also be noticed at the plasma membrane and mitochondrial surfaces. During maturation in the epididymis, the spermatozoa discarded an additional amount of enzyme along with the cytoplasmic droplet.
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